![]() ![]() This is particularly so in the context of a rapidly accelerating ocean economy 9 and emergent efforts to ensure that this ‘blue growth’ is environmentally sustainable 10 and leads to improved human development outcomes 11. Ocean governance that proceeds without a clear and thorough understanding of the complexities of equity is thus unlikely to achieve stated ambitions 6, 7 that include reducing global economic inequalities, improving human wellbeing, and sustaining the biosphere 8. Historical narratives positioning oceans as empty spaces of nature devoid of human life, and frontiers to be discovered, exploited, and conserved 3, overlook less resourced, less powerful ocean-reliant peoples and their rights and claims 4, 5. Oceans are shared spaces subject to competing claims and preferences over use 1 since the time of the Roman Empire’s Mare Clausum, the oceans have alternately been contested by trade and colonial powers, or framed as global commons 2. ![]()
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